A professor destined for being hated haha

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The Golden Compass

It is a fantasy film based on a book titled “Northern Lights”, better known as “The Golden Compass” written by Philip Pullman. The main characters of this story are Lyra, Lord Arsiel and Mrs. Coulter.

They are supposed to be in a parallel universe where exist a Magisterium who wants to control the entire world, People link to animal spirits called “daemons”, Witches who help Lyra to get her purpose, Bears leaded by one bear named Iorek who also helps Lyra. All of them are involved in a war.

It starts talking about an investigation which has been made by Lord Asriel. He’s interested in something called “dust”, because worlds are supposed to be conected by it, but the Magisterium says that it’s impossible, that he probably has made a mistake. Despite this, he began a travel to Svalbard where he had discovered dust. Besides this, his niece, Lyra, also strarted a long journey to Samoyade Lands with Mrs. Coulter, but when she realized that Mrs. Coulter was using her, she escaped and joined with Gyptians People who, like I said before, help her to get Samoyade Lands. During her journey, she met a lot of people and animals who seem to be waiting for her like a prophecy, Serafina Pekkalla, Lee Scoreby and Iorek were some of them… It hadn’t been possible to do such an awesome crossing without a little golden compass that she was given, a compass that tells the truth, a compass that was destined for being with Lyra.

The plot is good, the acting stuff is also excellent, and moreover I really liked the work they did with the Iorek bear, because all of its movements were so perfect, as well as his voice…a leader voice haha.

For those who love to imagine such good stories like this one, I do really recommend it, because it is a cool movie for all ages. Really, if you’re planning to have fun for a while, you should watch it. Don’t miss it!

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Destruction Of The Ozone Layer

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Destruction of the Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is a layer in Earth’s atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs 93-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth.

Problem Description

Despite Ozone Layer is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted from the Sun, but it is being destroyed, forming a big hole in it that is commonly referred to as the ozone hole. It is particularly created over Antarctica where exists a special condition that accelerates the depletion of the ozone layer.

Every Arctic winter, a polar vortex (a swirling cold mass) forms over Antarctica. Since there is an absence of sun during Arctic winters, the air becomes incredibly cold and the formation of ice clouds occurs. When the sun returns in the spring, the light shining on the nitrogen oxide filled ice particles activates the formation of chlorine. This excess of ozone destroying chlorine rapidly accelerates the depletion of the ozone layer.

Causes

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contain fluorine, carbon and chlorine atoms. Besides this, they are considered to be the main cause of Ozone depletion.
CFCs are widely used as coolants in refrigeration and air conditioners, as solvents in cleaners, particularly for electronic circuit boards, as a blowing agents in the production of foam (for example fire extinguishers), and as propellants in aerosols.
It is calculated that a CFC molecule takes an average of 15 years to go from the ground level up to the upper atmosphere, and it has a lifetime in the atmosphere of about 20 to 100 years, and consequently one free chlorine atom from a CFC molecule can do a lot of damage, destroying ozone molecules for a long time.
The detailed mechanism by which the polar ozone holes form is different from that for the mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both trends is catalytic (the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by means of a chemical substance) destruction of ozone by atomic chlorine and bromine.

A chlorine atom reacts with an ozone molecule, taking an oxygen atom with it (forming ClO) and leaving a normal oxygen molecule. The chlorine monoxide (i.e., the ClO) can react with a second molecule of ozone (i.e., O3) to yield another chlorine atom and two molecules of oxygen.



Mechanism of ozone layer destruction by CFCs

Effects

The ozone layer naturally shields Earth's life from the harmful effects of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A severe decrease in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer could lead to the following harmful effects:
-An increase in the incidence of skin cancer.
-A large increase in cataracts and Sun burning.
-Suppression of immune systems in organisms.
-Adverse impact on crops and animals.
-Reduction in the growth of plankton found in the Earth's oceans.
-Cooling of the Earth's stratosphere and
-Global Warming.

Possible Solutions

Reduce the use of large amounts of CFCs is helpful. Moreover, the only long term solution to solve the problem of depletion of the ozone layer is to phase out the use of CFCs.


Conclusions

We must be aware of the effects that ozone depletion can cause.

Eventhough there are some protocols in order to reduce CFC use, we should use them conciously, so that we can have good healt for a long time and maybe let the ozone layer rebuild by itself.

We could use sunscreen to protect our skin from dangerous UV rays.

http://www.epcc.pref.osaka.jp/apec/eng/earth/ozone_layer_depletion/susumu.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer

http://www.epcc.pref.osaka.jp/apec/eng/earth/ozone_layer_depletion/susumu.html

http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/ozone_depletion/older/CFCs.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic

http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/ozone.htm

http://www.ausetute.com.au/cfcozone.html

Vocabulary List

Animals; If you go to a forest, you can find a lot of animals
Atmosphere; Atmosphere contains several kind of gases.
Atom; Everything is made by a large amount of atoms i.e. human, animals, rocks, etc.
Carbone; All living things emit carbon to the atmosphere.

Cataracts; If we expose our eyes for a long time to the sun, we can get cataracts which is an eye-illness.
Chlorine; Chlorine is too harmful to the environment.
Chlorofluorocarbons; Chlorofluorocarbons are made as its name said by Chloro, Fluorine an Carbon atoms.
Coolant; Coolant is a liquid used for cooling things.
Crops; My Grandmom's sister has a crop of strawberries.
Depletion; In a way, we are cooperating to the ozone depletion using a lot of products that contains Chlorofluorcarbons.
Fluorine; "F" is fluorine symbol according to the chemicals elements table.
Global Warming; Global Warming is affecting some regions of the planet, and some others will be affected, if we do nothing to prevent catastrophes.
Harmful; Ultraviolet light is harmful.
Immune Systems; Immune System is in our bodies, it is designed to protects us from a disease or illness.
Molecule; Our bodies contain a lot of water molecules.
Nitrogen Oxide; If you work in a factory that use nitrogen oxide as a material, you should take care of it because it can affect your smell sense.
Oxygen; Oxigen is important for human being to live; without it, we'd be dead.
Ozone; Ozone is composed by three oxygen atoms.
Ozone layer; Our planet has an ozone layer that is made to protect Earth's life from dangerous and harmful sun rays.
Ozone Hole; Due to the fact that we are destroying the ozone layer, it's been created an ozone hole that is getting bigger year after year.

Phase out; Phase out means stop using something.
Plankton; Very small sea animals and sea plants are considered as a plankton.
Polar Vortex; A Polar Vortex is a a swirling cold mass.
Propellants; Propellants are mainly used in aerosols.
Protocols; Protocols are International Laws where some countries are included to discuss an important topic that is relevant for everybody.
Radiation; Hospitals use radiation to try to delete cancer from the body infected.
Skin Cancer; A way of trying not to get skin cancer is using sunscreen.
Solvents; Factories may use several solvents in the process production of something.
Stratosphere; Stratophere is a layer calculated to be about 10 and 50 km above the surface of the earth.
Sunscreen; Dermathologists recomend the use of suncreen so that we can be able of combating sunburns skin
Substance; Any solid or liquid material is a substance.
Ultraviolet light; Some glasses are designed to protect eyes from Ultraviolet light.